Contemporary India(9th standard): Size And Location

Points to Remember:

1. The southernmost point of Indian union is known as Indira Point or Pygmalion point(In 2004 submerged under sea water during tsunami)
2. In an order of size Russia>Canada>USA>China>Brazil>Australia>India
3. Since the opening of Suez canal , india's distance from europe has been reduce by 7000 km.
   
4. Area wise rajasthan is the largest state & Goa is smallest state.
5. States having common frontiers with Pakistan: J&K, Punjab,Rajasthan , Guzarat
6. States having common frontiers with China:J&K Himachal Pradesh ,Uttrakhand,Sikkim,Arunachal Pradesh.
7. States having common frontiers with Bangladesh:West Bengal, assam,meghalaya ,tripura,Mizoram
8. States having common frontiers with Myanmar:Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,manipur , mizoram.
9. States having common frontiers with Nepal: Uttrakhand,UP,Bihar,Assam.
10. Tropic of cancer passes through the states : Guzarat,Rajasthan ,Madhya Pradesh,Chattisgarh,Jharkhand,west Bengal,Tripura,Mizoram

NCERT 6 -Major Landforms of earth

Points to remember:

1. Mauna kea(Hawai) in the pacific ocean is an under sea mountain.
2. There are three types of mountain(Fold mountain, Block mountain, Volcanic mountain)

   

   Block Mountain

3. Plateaus is an elevated  flat land standing above the surrounding area.Tibet Plateau is the highest plateau in the world.
4. Hundru water falls  is located in chotaNagpur plateau on river Subernarekha
5. Jog waterfalls is in Karnatka.
6. Plain formed in china by river Yangtze.
7. Alps mountain is in Europe.

NCERT note: Major domains of earth( Continents & Ocean)

Points to Remember:

1. Lithosphere: Solid portion of earth on which we live.
2. The greatest depth is recorded at Mariana trench  in the Pacific Ocean
3. Highest mountain peak is Mt. Everest.
4. Seven Major continents(1.Asia  2.Europe  3.Africa  4.North America  5.South America  6.Australia  7.Antarctica)
5. Asia is the largest Continent. 1/3 of total land area of earth.This is separated from Europe by Ural mountains on the west.Tropic of cancer passes through this Continent.
   
6. Through Europe Arctic circle passes.
7. Africa(second largest) is the only continent through which tropic of cancer , tropic of Capricorn & equator line passes.
   
8. World's longest river Nile flows through Africa & world's largest river Amazon passes through South America.
9. World's largest hot Desert(Sahara Desert) located in Africa.
10. North America(Third largest ) link to South America by a very narrow strip of land called isthmus of Panama
11. India has research stations in Antarctica names as Maitri & Dakshin Gangotri
12.  4 major ocean( Pacific>Atlantic>Indian>Arctic)
13. coastline of Atlantic Ocean is highly indented(ZizZag line) , this irregular & indented coastline provides ideal location for natural harbors & port.Atlantic Ocean is the busiest Ocean from the business & commerce point of view.
14. arctic ocean is connected with pacific ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water called Berring Strait
15. World's largest mountain range (Andes) lies in South America.
16. Difference between Isthmus & strait( Pic below)

NCERT : Motions of earth(Seasons)Solstice & Equinox

Above video has well explained concept of summer solstice, winter solstice, spring equinox , autumn equinox

Summer Solstice:(21st june)  :

The axis of earth which is imaginary line make an angle of 66 degree 5 minute from its orbital plan.
On 21st june northern hemisphere is tilts towards SUN and rays of sun fall directly on the tropic of cancer.
As a result these areas receives more heat. the areas near the pole receive less heat as rays of sun are slanting . North Pole tilts towards sun & places beyond the arctic circle receives continuous sun rays & experience day light around six months.
It is summer in the north of equator, longest days & shortest night at these places occur at 21st june.
At this time southern hemisphere experience winter. The position of earth is called summer solstice.

Winter Solstice:(22nd December)  :

On 22nd December Southern hemisphere tilts towards SUN , rays of sun fall directly on tropic of Capricorn.

Southern hemisphere receives more sun rays. & longest day & shortest night happen in this zone where in Northern hemisphere this is winter season.

Autumn Equinox & Spring Equinox:

On 21st March and September 23rd, direct rays of the sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of

the poles is tilted towards the sun; so, the whole earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is called

an equinox. On 23rd September, it is autumn season in the Northern Hemisphere and spring season in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite is the case on 21st March when it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Thus, you find that there are days and nights and 

changes in the seasons because of the rotation and revolution of the earth respectively

Geography(NCERT Note) -Globe Latitudes & Longitudes

Equator:

Imaginary line running on globe divides it into two equal parts called equator.
Northern half of the earth is known as Northern hemisphere & southern half is known as southern hemisphere.
All parallel circle from equator to poles are called parallels of latitude.

By measuring the angle of pole star we can know the latitude of our place.

Important parallels of latitude:

Torrid zone:
Mid day sun is exactly over head at least once in a year on all latitudes between tropic of cancer & tropic of Capricorn.This area therefore receives maximum heat & is called  torrid zone.
Temperate zone:
Mid day sun never shine over head beyond tropic of cancer & tropic of Capricorn ,the angle of sun's rays goes on decreasing towards Poles. Area bounded by tropic of cancer & Arctic circle in northern hemisphere  and area bounded by tropic of Capricorn & Antarctic circle have moderate temperatures. Therefore called temperate Zones.

Frigid Zone:
Areas lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere, are very cold. It is because here the sun does not rise much above the horizon. Therefore, its rays are always slanting and provide less heat. These are, therefore, called Frigid Zones (very cold)

Longitude:
To locate the place precisely along with latitude we need to know   how far east or west  places are from a given line of reference running from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines of references are called the meridians of longitude. and the distances between them are measured in ‘degrees of longitude


Prime meridian passed through greenwich, where the british royal observatory is located.

Longitude & Time:

As the earth rotates from west to east, places east of the greenwich will be ahead of greenwich time and places west of greenwich will be behind it.

earth rotates 360 degree in 24 hour , completes 15 degree rotation in 1 hour ... 15 degrees east of greenwich will be one hour ahead of time & 15 degree west of greenwich will be 1 hour behind the greenwich time.

In india longitude of 82 degree 30 minutes has been considered as standard meridian. The local time at this meridian has been taken as standard time for the whole country.




India 's Latitudinal & Longitudinal extension:

Latitudinal :
8 degree 4 minute north - 37 degree 6 minute north

Longitudinal:
68 degree 7 minute East - 97 degree 25 minute east








Season
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLRA87TKXLM

Geography(NCERT Note)- The earth in the solar system

Celestial Bodies:
The sun, Moon and all those objects shining in the night sky are called celestial bodies.

Stars are big & hot and made up of the gases. They have their own heat & light which they emit in large amounts. SUN is a star.

Constellations:
Various patterns formed by group of stars are called constellations.
Ex: Ursa Major, big bear, small bear(saptrishi/rishi-sages)

Pole star:
North star

Planet:
Some celestial bodies do not have their own heat & light. They are lit by the light of stars.Such bodies are called Planet.Earth is also planet & get heat & light from its nearest start SUN.

Like our earth there are eight other planets that get heat & light from SUN some of them even have their moons too.

Solar System:

Sun, eight planets, satellites and some other celestial bodies known as asteroids   and meteoroids form the solar system.SUN is the head of this system or family.

SUN provides the pulling force that binds the solar system.

Planet:
There are eight planets in solar system. All the eight planets move around the sun in fixed path , this path is called orbit. 



My Very Efficient Mother Just Served Us Nuts
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune(In order of their distance from the SUN)

Mercury is very near to the SUN , it takes only 88 days for mercury to complete one round along its orbit.

Venus is considered as earth's twins because its size and shape are very much similar to the size of earth,.

Till recently Pluto was being considered as Planet but  in a meeting of International  Astronomical union, decision has been taken as Pluto like other celestial objects may be called Dwarf Planets.

Earth is third nearest planet to SUN. in Size it is fifth largest planet.It is slightly flatened at pole that is the reason its shape is described as GEOID.

From the outer space , earth appears blue because 2/3 rd surface of earth covered by water.it is therefore called as blue planet.

Earth has only one satellite that is called moon. Its diameter is 1/4th diameter of earth.
Moon takes 27 days to move around the earth and take same time to complete one spin.That is the reason only one side of moon is visible to us on earth.

Asteroid : apart from star , planet, satellite there are numerous tiny bodies which move around the sun , these bodies are called asteroids.They are found between the orbits of mars & Jupiter.
Scientist are of the view that asteroids are parts of a planet  which exploded many years back.

Meteoroid:
Small piece of rocks which move around the sun are called meteoroid. Sometime they come near to earth & fall upon it.




****Jupiter , Saturn & Uranus have rings around them . These are the belts of small debris.