What is Gross Capital Formation

Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and "work in progress."

This is one of the investment challenge India is facing.

What is cut motion?

Cut motion is a veto power given to the members of the Lok Sabha to oppose a demand in the financial bill discussed by the government. This can turn into an effective tool to test the strength of the government. If a cut motion is adopted by the House and the government does not have the numbers, it is obliged to resign.

A motion may be moved to reduce the amount of a demand in any of the following ways:-

(a) Disapproval of Policy Cut: That the amount of the demand be reduced to Re.1/-' representing disapproval of the policy underlying the demand. A member giving notice of such a motion shall indicate in precise terms the particulars of the policy which he proposes to discuss. The discussion shall be confined to the specific point or points mentioned in the notice and it shall be open to members to advocate an alternative policy;

(b) Economy Cut: That the amount of the demand be reduced by a specified amount' representing the economy that can be effected. Such specified amount may be either a lump sum reduction in the demand or omission or reduction of an item in the demand. The notice shall indicate briefly and precisely the particular matter on which discussion is sought to be raised and speeches shall be confined to the discussion as to how economy can be effected

(c) Token Cut: That the amount of the demand be reduced by a token cut, say of Rs.100/- in order to ventilate a specific grievance which is within the sphere of the responsibility of the Government of India. The discussion thereon shall be confined to the particular grievance specified in the motion.

Tuesday's cut motion being moved to seek reduction in excise and customs duties on fuel prices.

Admissibility of cut motions

In order that notice of motion for reduction of the amount of demand may be admissible, it shall satisfy the following conditions, namely:-

(I) it shall relate to one demand only;

(ii) it shall be clearly expressed and shall not contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations, epithets or defamatory statements;

(iii) it shall be confined to one specific matter which shall be stated in precise terms;

(iv) it shall not reflect on the character or conduct of any person whose conduct can only be challenged on a substantive motion;

(v) it shall not make suggestions for the amendment or repeal of existing laws;

(vi) it shall not refer to a matter which is not primarily the concern of the Government of India;

(vii) it shall not relate to expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India;

(viii) it shall not relate to a matter which is under adjudication by a court of law having jurisdiction in any part of India;

(ix) it shall not raise a question of privilege;

(x) it shall not revive discussion on a matter which has been discussed in the same session and on which a decision has been taken;

(xi) it shall not anticipate a matter which has been previously appointed for consideration in the same session;

(xii) it shall not ordinarily seek to raise a discussion on a matter pending before any statutory tribunal or statutory authority performing any judicial or quasi-judicial functions or any commission or court of enquiry appointed to enquire into, or investigate any matter:

Provided that the Speaker may in his discretion allow such matter being raised in the House as is concerned with the procedure or stage of enquiry, if the Speaker is satisfied that it is not likely to prejudice the consideration of such matter by the statutory tribunal, statutory authority, commission or court of enquiry; and
(xiii) it shall not relate to a trivial matter.

The Speaker shall decide whether a cut motion is or is not admissible under these rules and may disallow any cut motion when in his/her opinion it is an abuse of the right of moving cut motions or is calculated to obstruct or prejudicially affect the procedure of the House or is in contravention of these rules.

Notice of cut motions

 If notice of a motion to reduce any demand for grant has not been given one day previous to the day on which the demand is under consideration, any member may object to the moving of the motion, and such objection shall prevail, unless the Speaker allows the motion to be made.

Contemporary India(9th standard): Size And Location

Points to Remember:

1. The southernmost point of Indian union is known as Indira Point or Pygmalion point(In 2004 submerged under sea water during tsunami)
2. In an order of size Russia>Canada>USA>China>Brazil>Australia>India
3. Since the opening of Suez canal , india's distance from europe has been reduce by 7000 km.
   
4. Area wise rajasthan is the largest state & Goa is smallest state.
5. States having common frontiers with Pakistan: J&K, Punjab,Rajasthan , Guzarat
6. States having common frontiers with China:J&K Himachal Pradesh ,Uttrakhand,Sikkim,Arunachal Pradesh.
7. States having common frontiers with Bangladesh:West Bengal, assam,meghalaya ,tripura,Mizoram
8. States having common frontiers with Myanmar:Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,manipur , mizoram.
9. States having common frontiers with Nepal: Uttrakhand,UP,Bihar,Assam.
10. Tropic of cancer passes through the states : Guzarat,Rajasthan ,Madhya Pradesh,Chattisgarh,Jharkhand,west Bengal,Tripura,Mizoram

Water Dispute Tribunal

Proportional representation by means of single transferable votes

Proportional representation by means of single transferable votes:

The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting in multi-seat constituencies (voting districts).Under STV, an elector has a single vote that is initially allocated to his or her most preferred candidate, and as the count proceeds and candidates are either elected or eliminated, is transferred to other candidates according to the voter's stated preferences, in proportion to any surplus or discarded votes.

An STV election proceeds according to the following steps:

1. A candidate who has reached or exceeded the quota is declared elected.
2. If a candidate has more votes than the quota, surplus votes are transferred to other candidates. Votes that would have gone to the winner go to the next preference.
3. If no-one new meets the quota, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and those votes are transferred.
4. This process repeats until either a winner is found for every seat or there are as many seats as remaining candidates.

In an STV election, a candidate requires a minimum number of votes – the quota (or threshold) – to be elected. A number of different quotas can be used; the most common is the Droop quota, given by the formula:

This can be understood with example:


If there are 20 voters & 3 candidate need to be elected. There are 5 candidates which are nominated for election:

Parliament

Points to Remember:

1. Parliamentary  form of government is also known as 'westminster' model of government.( Westminster is the place in London where British parliament is located).
2. Parliament of India consists of three parts( The President,The council of states[Rajya sabha], House of the people[Lower house/Lok sabha ])
3. In 1954 lok sabha & rajya sabha name had been adopted.
4. Upper house or Rajya sabha represents the states & Union territories of the Indian Union .
5. Lower house or Lok sabha represent the People of India as a whole.
6. A bill passed by both the house cant be enacted as a law without assent of president.
7. 4th schedule of constitution deals with allocation of seats in the Rajya sabha to states & union territories.Out of 250 members in Rajya sbaha 12 will be nominated by president.
8. The representatives of states in Rajyasabha are elected by the elected members of state legislation assembly.The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the transferable votes( explained in different article)
9. The rajya sabha seats are allocated to different states on the basis of population.
10. The representation of each union territorires in the rajya sabha are indirectly elected by members of an electoral college specially constituted for the purpose. Only Delhi  & Puducherry have representation in rajya sabha.Others union territories are too small to have any representation.
11. President nominate 12 members to the Rajya sabha from people who have special knowledge or practical experience in the field of art , science, literature & social service.
12. For Loksabha maximum strength is 552 seats, out of this 530 is for state representation, 20  for union territories , 2 for anglo indian members which will be nominated by President.
13. Voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by 61st constitutional amendment act.
14.  RajyaSabha (First Constituted in 1952) is a continuing chamber , it is permanent body & not subject to dissolution.
15. Retiring members of rajya sabha are eligible for reelection & renomination
16. Parliament in the representation of people act (1951) has provided that the terms of office of a member of rajya sabha shall be 6 years.
17. Unlike the RajyaSabha , lok sabha is not a continuing chamber . Its normal term is 5 years from the date of its first meeting after general election , after which it automatically dissolves.
18. President is authorized to dissolve the Lok sabha at any time even before the completion of 5 years and this cant be challenged in a court of law.At the time national emergency , term of lok sabha can be extended( Detail about this will be covered in national emergency)
19. Age limit : not less than 30 years in case of rajya sabha  & not less than 25 years of age in case of the Lok sabha.
20. Members of parliament will be disqualified if he is a director or managing agent or hold an office of profit in a corporation in which the government has at least 25 % share.
21. members of parliament will be disqualified if he holds an office of profit under the union or state government (except that of a minister or any other exempted by parliament )
22. Members of parliament will be disqualified if he is an undischarged insolvent.
23. 10th schedule of the constitution : Provisions relating to disqualification of the members of parliament and state legislatures  on the ground of defection ( this is also known as Anti-defection-Law)
24. The question of disqualification under the 10th schedule is decided by the chairman in case of rajya sabha and speaker in the case of lok sabha (not by the president of india) supreme court ruled that the decision of Chairman/speaker in this regard is subject to judicial review.
25. Member of Parliament incurs disqualification under the defection law:
    
26. If a person is elected to both the houses of parliament, he must intimate within 10 days in which house he desires to serve, in default of such intimation , his seat in the rajya sabha becomes vacant.
27. if a person is elected top two seats in a House , he should exercise his options for one . otherwise both seats become vacant
28. if a sitting member of one house is also elected to the other house , his seat in the first house becomes vacant.
29. A house can declare the seat of a member vacant if he is absent from all its meetings for a period of 60 days without its permission(in computing the period of 60 days , no account shall be taken of nay period during which the house is proruged or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days)
30. whenever lok sabha is dissolved , the speaker does not vacate his office and continues till the newly elected lok sabha meets.
31. The speaker of lok sabha derives iots power & duties from three sources , constituion of india, the rules of procedure & conduct of business of lok sabha & parliamentary convention.
32. The Quorum to constitute a meeting of the house (lok sabha)is one tenth of the total strength of the house.
33. Lok sabha speaker decided whether a bill is money bill or not & his decison on this question is final.
34. Lok sabha speaker is the ex officio chairman of Business Advisory commitee, Rules commite & the general purpose commite.
35. Lok sabha speaker acts as the ex-officio chairman of the conference of presiding officers of legislative bodies in  the country & acts as the ex-officio chairman of the Indian Parliamentary group of the inter Parliamentary Union.
36. the motion of removal of lok sabha speaker can be considered & discussed only when it has the support of atleast 50 members.
37. Deputy speaker is not subordinate to the speaker , he is directly responsible to the house.
38. The vice president of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
39. Unlike the speaker , chairman is not a member of house.
40. Unlike the speaker ,chairman  cant vote in the first instance when a resolution for his removal is under consideration.
41. Deputu chairman is directly responsile to rajya sabha.
42. Parliament should meet atleast twice a year.
43. There are usually three session for parliamentary meeting( The budget session -feb to may, the monsoon session july to sept,the winter session - nov to dec)
44. Adjournment sine die  means terminating a sitting of parliament for an idefinte period.
45.  
    
    
    
    
    
46.  No Discussion on a matter of general public importance can take place except on a motion made with the consent of the presiding officer,The house express its decision or opinion on various issues through the adoption or rejections of motions moved by either ministers or private members
47. Substantive motion:  It is self contained independent proposal dealing with a very important matter like impeachment of the President or removal of Chief Election Commissioner.
48. Substitute Motion: This is moved in substitution of an original motion & proposes an alternative to it.If adopted by the house , it supersedes the original motion.
49. Subsidiary motion:  it is a motion that , by itself has no meaning & can not  state the decision of the house without reference to the original motion or proceedings of the house.
50. Closure Motion is a motion moved by a member to cut short the debate on a matter before the house.If motion is approved by the house, debate is stooped forthwith & the matter is put to vote.
51. Privilege Motion: It is concerned with the breach of parliamentary privileges by a minister.Its purpose is to censure the concerned minister.
52. Calling Attention Motion: It is introduced in the parliament by a member to call the attention of minister to a matter of urgent public importance, and to seek an authoritative statement from him on that matter
53. Adjournment Motion:it is introduced in the parliament to draw attention of the house to a definite matter of urgent public importance and needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.The discussion on an adjournment motion should last for not less than 2 hours and 30 minutes. Rajya sabha is not permitted to make use of this.the right to move a motion for an adjournment of the business of house is subject to the following restrictions                                                                                                                                      -It should raise a matter which is definite, factual, urgent and of public imprtance.                                                                                                                                        -It should not cover more than one matter                                                                         -it should be restricted to specific matter of recent occurrence and should not framed in general terms                                                                                                                   -it should not raise a question of privilege.(raise a question of privilege is a privileged motion that permits a request related to the rights and privileges of the assembly or any of its members to be brought up)                                                                         -it should not revive discussion on a matter that has been discussed in the same session                                                                                                                                  -It should not deal with any matter that is under adjudication by court                              -It should not raise any question that can be raised on a distinct motion                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
54. No Confidence Motion:Lok sabha can remove the ministry from office by passing a no-confidence motion. The motion needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.                   
55. Motion of Thanks: The first session after each general election and the first session of every fiscal year is addressed by the president . In this address, the president outlines the policies and programmes of the government in the preceding year & ensuing year.This address of the president is discussed in both the houses of parliament on a motion called the'motion of Thanks'. At the end of the discussion ,the motion is put to vote.
56. No-Day-Yet-Named Motion:it is motion that has been admitted by the speaker but no date has been fixed for its discussion.
57. Point of order:A  member can raise a point of order when the proceedings of the house do not follow the normal rule of procedure.It is extraordinary device as it suspends the proceedings before the house .No debate is allowed on a point of order
58. All motions are not necessarily put to vote of the House , whereas all the resolutions are required to be voted upon.
59.                                                                                                                                                    
    
                  
60. 
    
61. 
    
62. 
    
63. 
    
64.                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

NCERT 6 -Major Landforms of earth

Points to remember:

1. Mauna kea(Hawai) in the pacific ocean is an under sea mountain.
2. There are three types of mountain(Fold mountain, Block mountain, Volcanic mountain)

   

   Block Mountain

3. Plateaus is an elevated  flat land standing above the surrounding area.Tibet Plateau is the highest plateau in the world.
4. Hundru water falls  is located in chotaNagpur plateau on river Subernarekha
5. Jog waterfalls is in Karnatka.
6. Plain formed in china by river Yangtze.
7. Alps mountain is in Europe.

NCERT note: Major domains of earth( Continents & Ocean)

Points to Remember:

1. Lithosphere: Solid portion of earth on which we live.
2. The greatest depth is recorded at Mariana trench  in the Pacific Ocean
3. Highest mountain peak is Mt. Everest.
4. Seven Major continents(1.Asia  2.Europe  3.Africa  4.North America  5.South America  6.Australia  7.Antarctica)
5. Asia is the largest Continent. 1/3 of total land area of earth.This is separated from Europe by Ural mountains on the west.Tropic of cancer passes through this Continent.
   
6. Through Europe Arctic circle passes.
7. Africa(second largest) is the only continent through which tropic of cancer , tropic of Capricorn & equator line passes.
   
8. World's longest river Nile flows through Africa & world's largest river Amazon passes through South America.
9. World's largest hot Desert(Sahara Desert) located in Africa.
10. North America(Third largest ) link to South America by a very narrow strip of land called isthmus of Panama
11. India has research stations in Antarctica names as Maitri & Dakshin Gangotri
12.  4 major ocean( Pacific>Atlantic>Indian>Arctic)
13. coastline of Atlantic Ocean is highly indented(ZizZag line) , this irregular & indented coastline provides ideal location for natural harbors & port.Atlantic Ocean is the busiest Ocean from the business & commerce point of view.
14. arctic ocean is connected with pacific ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water called Berring Strait
15. World's largest mountain range (Andes) lies in South America.
16. Difference between Isthmus & strait( Pic below)

Beleagured bustards

Points to remember:

1. Growing pressure from cattle grazing & expanding farming activity  has is the most significant causes for falling the number of Indian bustards in India
2. Rajasthan has the largest known population of the great Indian bustards.
3. Fodder supply scheme can spare the grass land which can help to increase the number of great indian bustards.
4. Plantation of exotic tree on open land will not be helpful to increase the Indian bustards as it is not the ideal habitat for them.
5. In Nannaj sanctury  of Maharashtra   there are few areas where Tress have been removed and Indian bustards are getting reappeared.
6. New law on  Land acquisition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_to_Fair_Compensation_and_Transparency_in_Land_Acquisition,_Rehabilitation_and_Resettlement_Act,_2013) may work  against grassland birds , since cultivated lands are eligible for higher compensation, and farmers may remove grasses.

NCERT : Motions of earth(Seasons)Solstice & Equinox

Above video has well explained concept of summer solstice, winter solstice, spring equinox , autumn equinox

Summer Solstice:(21st june)  :

The axis of earth which is imaginary line make an angle of 66 degree 5 minute from its orbital plan.
On 21st june northern hemisphere is tilts towards SUN and rays of sun fall directly on the tropic of cancer.
As a result these areas receives more heat. the areas near the pole receive less heat as rays of sun are slanting . North Pole tilts towards sun & places beyond the arctic circle receives continuous sun rays & experience day light around six months.
It is summer in the north of equator, longest days & shortest night at these places occur at 21st june.
At this time southern hemisphere experience winter. The position of earth is called summer solstice.

Winter Solstice:(22nd December)  :

On 22nd December Southern hemisphere tilts towards SUN , rays of sun fall directly on tropic of Capricorn.

Southern hemisphere receives more sun rays. & longest day & shortest night happen in this zone where in Northern hemisphere this is winter season.

Autumn Equinox & Spring Equinox:

On 21st March and September 23rd, direct rays of the sun fall on the equator. At this position, neither of

the poles is tilted towards the sun; so, the whole earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is called

an equinox. On 23rd September, it is autumn season in the Northern Hemisphere and spring season in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite is the case on 21st March when it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Thus, you find that there are days and nights and 

changes in the seasons because of the rotation and revolution of the earth respectively

Geography(NCERT Note) -Globe Latitudes & Longitudes

Equator:

Imaginary line running on globe divides it into two equal parts called equator.
Northern half of the earth is known as Northern hemisphere & southern half is known as southern hemisphere.
All parallel circle from equator to poles are called parallels of latitude.

By measuring the angle of pole star we can know the latitude of our place.

Important parallels of latitude:

Torrid zone:
Mid day sun is exactly over head at least once in a year on all latitudes between tropic of cancer & tropic of Capricorn.This area therefore receives maximum heat & is called  torrid zone.
Temperate zone:
Mid day sun never shine over head beyond tropic of cancer & tropic of Capricorn ,the angle of sun's rays goes on decreasing towards Poles. Area bounded by tropic of cancer & Arctic circle in northern hemisphere  and area bounded by tropic of Capricorn & Antarctic circle have moderate temperatures. Therefore called temperate Zones.

Frigid Zone:
Areas lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere, are very cold. It is because here the sun does not rise much above the horizon. Therefore, its rays are always slanting and provide less heat. These are, therefore, called Frigid Zones (very cold)

Longitude:
To locate the place precisely along with latitude we need to know   how far east or west  places are from a given line of reference running from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines of references are called the meridians of longitude. and the distances between them are measured in ‘degrees of longitude


Prime meridian passed through greenwich, where the british royal observatory is located.

Longitude & Time:

As the earth rotates from west to east, places east of the greenwich will be ahead of greenwich time and places west of greenwich will be behind it.

earth rotates 360 degree in 24 hour , completes 15 degree rotation in 1 hour ... 15 degrees east of greenwich will be one hour ahead of time & 15 degree west of greenwich will be 1 hour behind the greenwich time.

In india longitude of 82 degree 30 minutes has been considered as standard meridian. The local time at this meridian has been taken as standard time for the whole country.




India 's Latitudinal & Longitudinal extension:

Latitudinal :
8 degree 4 minute north - 37 degree 6 minute north

Longitudinal:
68 degree 7 minute East - 97 degree 25 minute east








Season
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLRA87TKXLM

Geography(NCERT Note)- The earth in the solar system

Celestial Bodies:
The sun, Moon and all those objects shining in the night sky are called celestial bodies.

Stars are big & hot and made up of the gases. They have their own heat & light which they emit in large amounts. SUN is a star.

Constellations:
Various patterns formed by group of stars are called constellations.
Ex: Ursa Major, big bear, small bear(saptrishi/rishi-sages)

Pole star:
North star

Planet:
Some celestial bodies do not have their own heat & light. They are lit by the light of stars.Such bodies are called Planet.Earth is also planet & get heat & light from its nearest start SUN.

Like our earth there are eight other planets that get heat & light from SUN some of them even have their moons too.

Solar System:

Sun, eight planets, satellites and some other celestial bodies known as asteroids   and meteoroids form the solar system.SUN is the head of this system or family.

SUN provides the pulling force that binds the solar system.

Planet:
There are eight planets in solar system. All the eight planets move around the sun in fixed path , this path is called orbit. 



My Very Efficient Mother Just Served Us Nuts
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune(In order of their distance from the SUN)

Mercury is very near to the SUN , it takes only 88 days for mercury to complete one round along its orbit.

Venus is considered as earth's twins because its size and shape are very much similar to the size of earth,.

Till recently Pluto was being considered as Planet but  in a meeting of International  Astronomical union, decision has been taken as Pluto like other celestial objects may be called Dwarf Planets.

Earth is third nearest planet to SUN. in Size it is fifth largest planet.It is slightly flatened at pole that is the reason its shape is described as GEOID.

From the outer space , earth appears blue because 2/3 rd surface of earth covered by water.it is therefore called as blue planet.

Earth has only one satellite that is called moon. Its diameter is 1/4th diameter of earth.
Moon takes 27 days to move around the earth and take same time to complete one spin.That is the reason only one side of moon is visible to us on earth.

Asteroid : apart from star , planet, satellite there are numerous tiny bodies which move around the sun , these bodies are called asteroids.They are found between the orbits of mars & Jupiter.
Scientist are of the view that asteroids are parts of a planet  which exploded many years back.

Meteoroid:
Small piece of rocks which move around the sun are called meteoroid. Sometime they come near to earth & fall upon it.




****Jupiter , Saturn & Uranus have rings around them . These are the belts of small debris.

NAFED(National Agriculture Co-operative Marketing Federation of India Ltd.)

This has been established in co-operative sector at national level for marketing of agriculture products.

TRIFED(Tribal Co-Operative Marketing Development Federation of India)-1987

The basic aim of TRIFED  was to save tribal from exploitation by private traders and to offer them remunerative prices for their minor forest produce & surplus agriculture products. It has been declared as an important agency for collecting ,processing, storing & developing oil seed products. TRIFED plays role of an agent of FCI for government purchase of wheat & rice .It is also an agent of agriculture and cooperation department of government  for purchase of cereals ,pulses and oil seeds.Agriculture ministry gives aid to TRIFED for compensation loss incurred due to price fluctuations.

APMC act(Agricultural Produce Marketing committee)

APMC:

The APMC Act in each state of India requires all agricultural products to be sold only in government -regulated markets. These markets impose substantial taxes on buyers, in addition to commissions and fees taken by middlemen, but typically provide little service in areas such as price discovery, grading or inspection. A key impact of this regulation is the inability of private sector processors and retailers to integrate their enterprises directly with farmers or other sellers, eliminating middlemen in the process.Farmers also are unable to legally enter into contracts with buyers. This leaves no incentives for farmers to upgrade, and inhibits private and foreign investments in the food process sector. Centre asks states to amend APMC ActIn a move to allow farmers to directly sell their produce to industry, contract farming and setting up of competitive markets in private and cooperative sector, the Centre has asked the state government to amend the Agricultural Produce Marketing Act.Under the present Act, the processing industry cannot buy directly from farmers. The farmer is also restricted from entering into direct contract with any manufacturer because the produce is required to be channelized through regulated markets. These restrictions are acting as a disincentive to farmers, trade and industries.The government has recently approved a central sector scheme titled ³Development/strengthening of agricultural marketing infrastructure, grading and standardization ´Under the scheme, credit linked investment subsidy shall be provided on the capital cost of general or commodity specific infrastructure for marketing of agricultural commodities and for strengthening and modernization of existing agricultural markets, wholesale, rural periodic or in tribal areas.The scheme is linked to reforms in state law dealing with agricultural markets (APMC Act). Assistance under the new scheme will be provided in those states that amend the APMC Act.The Centre has asked the state governments to inform as to whether necessary amendments to the APMC Act have been carried out, in order to notify the reforming states for applicability of the scheme. Along with the Centre, the industry is also interested in the amendment to the APMC Act as it restricts the growth of trade in agricultural commodities.³The policy regime pertaining to internal trade is particularly restrictive. The agricultural sector continues to be hamstrung by a plethora of controls, which were introduced during the era of shortages,´ said the PHDCCI.Meanwhile, a decentralised system of procuring wheat and rice would make the Public Distribution System more cost effective, the government has said.

National Green Tribunal & Ministry of Environment & forest

National Green Tribunal act 2010 :

National Green Tribunal act 2010 has been enacted under india's constitutional provision of article 21, which assures the citizen of India the right to healthy environment.NGT is a statutory tribunal and was created by parliament  as a specialized judicial and technical body to adjudicate on environmental disputes and issues.

Highlighted case related to NGT:

Union of India versus Vimal bhai case is related to diversion of forest land, Alaknanda Badrinath Hydro-Electric Project, Chamoli District, Uttrakhand, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Forest Conservation Act, right to appeal.

HealthCare for India's Workers

ESI ( Employee's State Insurance Act)   :  This act has been enacted in India in 1948 but came into reality from 25th feburary 1952.Employees' State Insurance  is self financing social security & health insurance scheme for Indian worker.For all employes earning 25000 per or less per month as wages are eligible to avail this scheme.The employer contributes 4.75 % & employee contributes 1.75 % , total share 6.5 %. This fund is managed by ESI corporation according to rules & regulation ESI act 1948, which oversees the provision of medical & cash benefits to  employees & their family through its large network of branches, hospitals & dispensaries through out India. ESIC is an autonomous corporation under ministry of labor & employment , Government of India.This provides medical & cash benefit to employees.
Recently Union ministry of labor has raised salary cap for availing ESI to rs 25000. This move is expected to expand coverage to an additional 5 million workers & their dependents. 
Out of pocket expenditure on health at 67% india's total spending on health as per the planning commission figures, is the highest in the world. As due to ESI benefit there will be reduction in medical expenses by the employees & it would be a potential boost for consumer spending.
Apart from this any contributory provisioning of medical treatment is at best a short term solution in a largely poor country.
Planning commison's high level expert group has recommended to merge the National rural health mission  & rashtriya swasthya bima Yojna into a system of universal health coverage(UHC) which should be  entirely tax funded & cashless at delivery.