Parliament

Points to Remember:

1. Parliamentary  form of government is also known as 'westminster' model of government.( Westminster is the place in London where British parliament is located).
2. Parliament of India consists of three parts( The President,The council of states[Rajya sabha], House of the people[Lower house/Lok sabha ])
3. In 1954 lok sabha & rajya sabha name had been adopted.
4. Upper house or Rajya sabha represents the states & Union territories of the Indian Union .
5. Lower house or Lok sabha represent the People of India as a whole.
6. A bill passed by both the house cant be enacted as a law without assent of president.
7. 4th schedule of constitution deals with allocation of seats in the Rajya sabha to states & union territories.Out of 250 members in Rajya sbaha 12 will be nominated by president.
8. The representatives of states in Rajyasabha are elected by the elected members of state legislation assembly.The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the transferable votes( explained in different article)
9. The rajya sabha seats are allocated to different states on the basis of population.
10. The representation of each union territorires in the rajya sabha are indirectly elected by members of an electoral college specially constituted for the purpose. Only Delhi  & Puducherry have representation in rajya sabha.Others union territories are too small to have any representation.
11. President nominate 12 members to the Rajya sabha from people who have special knowledge or practical experience in the field of art , science, literature & social service.
12. For Loksabha maximum strength is 552 seats, out of this 530 is for state representation, 20  for union territories , 2 for anglo indian members which will be nominated by President.
13. Voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by 61st constitutional amendment act.
14.  RajyaSabha (First Constituted in 1952) is a continuing chamber , it is permanent body & not subject to dissolution.
15. Retiring members of rajya sabha are eligible for reelection & renomination
16. Parliament in the representation of people act (1951) has provided that the terms of office of a member of rajya sabha shall be 6 years.
17. Unlike the RajyaSabha , lok sabha is not a continuing chamber . Its normal term is 5 years from the date of its first meeting after general election , after which it automatically dissolves.
18. President is authorized to dissolve the Lok sabha at any time even before the completion of 5 years and this cant be challenged in a court of law.At the time national emergency , term of lok sabha can be extended( Detail about this will be covered in national emergency)
19. Age limit : not less than 30 years in case of rajya sabha  & not less than 25 years of age in case of the Lok sabha.
20. Members of parliament will be disqualified if he is a director or managing agent or hold an office of profit in a corporation in which the government has at least 25 % share.
21. members of parliament will be disqualified if he holds an office of profit under the union or state government (except that of a minister or any other exempted by parliament )
22. Members of parliament will be disqualified if he is an undischarged insolvent.
23. 10th schedule of the constitution : Provisions relating to disqualification of the members of parliament and state legislatures  on the ground of defection ( this is also known as Anti-defection-Law)
24. The question of disqualification under the 10th schedule is decided by the chairman in case of rajya sabha and speaker in the case of lok sabha (not by the president of india) supreme court ruled that the decision of Chairman/speaker in this regard is subject to judicial review.
25. Member of Parliament incurs disqualification under the defection law:
    
26. If a person is elected to both the houses of parliament, he must intimate within 10 days in which house he desires to serve, in default of such intimation , his seat in the rajya sabha becomes vacant.
27. if a person is elected top two seats in a House , he should exercise his options for one . otherwise both seats become vacant
28. if a sitting member of one house is also elected to the other house , his seat in the first house becomes vacant.
29. A house can declare the seat of a member vacant if he is absent from all its meetings for a period of 60 days without its permission(in computing the period of 60 days , no account shall be taken of nay period during which the house is proruged or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days)
30. whenever lok sabha is dissolved , the speaker does not vacate his office and continues till the newly elected lok sabha meets.
31. The speaker of lok sabha derives iots power & duties from three sources , constituion of india, the rules of procedure & conduct of business of lok sabha & parliamentary convention.
32. The Quorum to constitute a meeting of the house (lok sabha)is one tenth of the total strength of the house.
33. Lok sabha speaker decided whether a bill is money bill or not & his decison on this question is final.
34. Lok sabha speaker is the ex officio chairman of Business Advisory commitee, Rules commite & the general purpose commite.
35. Lok sabha speaker acts as the ex-officio chairman of the conference of presiding officers of legislative bodies in  the country & acts as the ex-officio chairman of the Indian Parliamentary group of the inter Parliamentary Union.
36. the motion of removal of lok sabha speaker can be considered & discussed only when it has the support of atleast 50 members.
37. Deputy speaker is not subordinate to the speaker , he is directly responsible to the house.
38. The vice president of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
39. Unlike the speaker , chairman is not a member of house.
40. Unlike the speaker ,chairman  cant vote in the first instance when a resolution for his removal is under consideration.
41. Deputu chairman is directly responsile to rajya sabha.
42. Parliament should meet atleast twice a year.
43. There are usually three session for parliamentary meeting( The budget session -feb to may, the monsoon session july to sept,the winter session - nov to dec)
44. Adjournment sine die  means terminating a sitting of parliament for an idefinte period.
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46.  No Discussion on a matter of general public importance can take place except on a motion made with the consent of the presiding officer,The house express its decision or opinion on various issues through the adoption or rejections of motions moved by either ministers or private members
47. Substantive motion:  It is self contained independent proposal dealing with a very important matter like impeachment of the President or removal of Chief Election Commissioner.
48. Substitute Motion: This is moved in substitution of an original motion & proposes an alternative to it.If adopted by the house , it supersedes the original motion.
49. Subsidiary motion:  it is a motion that , by itself has no meaning & can not  state the decision of the house without reference to the original motion or proceedings of the house.
50. Closure Motion is a motion moved by a member to cut short the debate on a matter before the house.If motion is approved by the house, debate is stooped forthwith & the matter is put to vote.
51. Privilege Motion: It is concerned with the breach of parliamentary privileges by a minister.Its purpose is to censure the concerned minister.
52. Calling Attention Motion: It is introduced in the parliament by a member to call the attention of minister to a matter of urgent public importance, and to seek an authoritative statement from him on that matter
53. Adjournment Motion:it is introduced in the parliament to draw attention of the house to a definite matter of urgent public importance and needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.The discussion on an adjournment motion should last for not less than 2 hours and 30 minutes. Rajya sabha is not permitted to make use of this.the right to move a motion for an adjournment of the business of house is subject to the following restrictions                                                                                                                                      -It should raise a matter which is definite, factual, urgent and of public imprtance.                                                                                                                                        -It should not cover more than one matter                                                                         -it should be restricted to specific matter of recent occurrence and should not framed in general terms                                                                                                                   -it should not raise a question of privilege.(raise a question of privilege is a privileged motion that permits a request related to the rights and privileges of the assembly or any of its members to be brought up)                                                                         -it should not revive discussion on a matter that has been discussed in the same session                                                                                                                                  -It should not deal with any matter that is under adjudication by court                              -It should not raise any question that can be raised on a distinct motion                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
54. No Confidence Motion:Lok sabha can remove the ministry from office by passing a no-confidence motion. The motion needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.                   
55. Motion of Thanks: The first session after each general election and the first session of every fiscal year is addressed by the president . In this address, the president outlines the policies and programmes of the government in the preceding year & ensuing year.This address of the president is discussed in both the houses of parliament on a motion called the'motion of Thanks'. At the end of the discussion ,the motion is put to vote.
56. No-Day-Yet-Named Motion:it is motion that has been admitted by the speaker but no date has been fixed for its discussion.
57. Point of order:A  member can raise a point of order when the proceedings of the house do not follow the normal rule of procedure.It is extraordinary device as it suspends the proceedings before the house .No debate is allowed on a point of order
58. All motions are not necessarily put to vote of the House , whereas all the resolutions are required to be voted upon.
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